HISTORICAL DRAWING · c. 1482

Water-raising machines

How much shaft power lifts a chosen water flow?

Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus f. 1069 recto: pen sketches of water-raising machines, gear trains and pumps
Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus f. 1069 recto: pen sketches of water-raising machines, gear trains and pumps. View the original source and attribution ↗

A contemporary sketch model

Every number below is a modern illustrative assumption. The historical drawing supplies a question; the source model is an exercise in reasoning about it.

rho = 1000 kg/m^3 "Illustrative water density"
g = 9.81 m/s^2
flow = 0.002 m^3/s in 0.001..0.005 ± 10% "Modern illustrative flow"
head = 3 m "Assumed lift height"
efficiency = 0.45 "Assumed overall efficiency"
pumpPower := rho*g*flow*head/efficiency [W]
check drive: pumpPower <= 200 W
sweep Flow: flow = 0.001, 0.002, 0.005 m^3/s

Model limits

A steady hydraulic power budget; no gear motion, cavitation or pump curve. Efficiency is assumed.

Explore it with your agent

Create a Study, inspect the installed capabilities, and use this source as a starting point. Ask the agent to explain the equations and assumptions, then replace illustrative inputs with measured evidence for your own design.

This example includes a scalar sweep. Use napkin_sketch to add the model and napkin_run to inspect the sweep; the source editor’s scalar comparison view is for simple scenarios.

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