Control systems and dynamic response

Declared linear or low-order nonlinear plant models.

gain, time constant, initial condition, input → response curve, settling and rise times

natural frequency, damping, gain → overshoot, oscillation, settling estimate

plant model, controller gains, sample time, limits → closed-loop response, saturation behavior

plant parameters, tuning rule, design targets → candidate gains, modeled response

poles, zeros, gain, frequency range → Bode magnitude and phase

open-loop transfer function, delays → crossover frequencies, gain/phase margins

plant bandwidth, sample rate, computation and actuator delays → delay phase, timing budget

continuous model, sample time, selected discretization → discrete coefficients, response comparison

mass/inertia, desired trajectory, friction model → feedforward force or torque

A, B, C, D matrices, inputs, initial state → state and output trajectories